ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА И МЕХАНИЗМЫ АДСОРБЦИИ КОМПОЗИТОВ НА ОСНОВЕ БЕНТОНИТА И УГЛЕРОДА, ПОЛУЧЕННОГО ИЗ ДРЕВЕСНЫХ ОПИЛОК

Abstract

Bentonite- and wood sawdust-derived carbon-based composites represent a promising class of adsorbents for water purification due to the combination of high specific surface area, well-developed porous structure, and high cation exchange capacity. This paper reviews current approaches to the preparation of bentonite–carbon composites, including the pyrolysis of wood waste, carbonization and activation processes, as well as methods for incorporating bentonite into the carbon matrix. The main physicochemical characteristics of these materials, including porous structure, surface functional groups, phase composition, and morphological features, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the influence of composite composition on adsorption performance and the mechanisms of interaction with various contaminants. It is shown that the efficient removal of heavy metals, organic dyes, and pharmaceutical compounds is achieved through the combined effects of ion exchange, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π–π interactions, and physical adsorption within the pores of the material. The principal factors affecting the adsorption process, including solution pH, temperature, pollutant concentration, and structural characteristics of the adsorbent, are also discussed. The analysis demonstrates that bentonite- and wood sawdust-derived carbon composites possess considerable potential for the development of efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technologies for water purification.